FINAL EXAM Welcome to your FINAL EXAM Your Name 1. The main reason that cooperation is the rule rather than the exception in work settings is thatDeselect Answerpeople basically like to build positive work relationships.most employees want to cooperate with each other.it is often very difficult to achieve work goals alone.people who work together eventually adopt the same goals.2. Lateral communication in organizations is particularly important whenDeselect Answerwork groups must manage themselves.coworkers are competing for the same reward/goal.managers are responsible for many different workers and their performance.coworkers must coordinate their activities in order to accomplish a goal.3. Physiological reactions to stress includeDeselect Answerperspiration.all of the aboveincreased heart rates.elevated blood pressure.4. Wildly Important Goals are defined as follows:Deselect AnswerFrom now to to future by how muchFrom what to what by whenFrom start to end by how longFrom know to new by when5. Cognitive restructuring isDeselect Answeran individual coping technique that requires group participation.an individual coping technique that has been found to be ineffective.an organizational coping technique designed for managers and supervisors.an individual coping technique that has been found to be effective.6. Interindividual conflict arises whenDeselect Answerone person is striving to attain two goals.one person violates group norms.a person is faced with two sets of incompatible goals.two people compete for the same goal.7. Which of the following is NOT a positive effect of the grapevine?Deselect AnswerIt meets the social communication needs of employees.It encourages the development of organizational commitment.It can play a part in reducing absenteeism and turnover.It relays information through established organizational communication patterns.8. The four cores of credibility are:Deselect AnswerIntention, Integrity, Capability and ResultsIntegrity, intention, Capability and ResolutionIntegrity, Intent, Capability and ResultsIntegrity, Intent, Compatibility and Results9. Which of the following is NOT an example of distortion through exaggeration?Deselect AnswerMinimizing certain aspects of a messageOverestimating certain aspects of a messageLeaving out entire aspects of a messageElaborating certain aspects of a message10. According to the Ohio State studies, initiating structure and consideration areDeselect Answerinterdependent.independent.very unlikely to coexist.unrelated to subordinate satisfaction.11. Meta-analyses have indicated that job satisfaction and absenteeism have aDeselect Answerlow negative correlation.correlation equal to zero.low positive correlation.high negative correlation.12. Wanda and Bob both wanted to make their department’s presentation at the next stockholders meeting. Bob gave in to Wanda’s wishes because he wanted to maintain a good relationship with Wanda. Bob used which of the following conflict resolution strategies?Deselect AnswerCollaborationCompromiseAccommodationAvoidance13. Cary is a stockbroker who is personally in favor of advising a client to invest about one-third of his money in a high-risk investment. After discussing the investment with a group of his colleagues, Cary advises the client to put more than half of his money in the high-risk investment. This process is an example ofDeselect Answermindguarding.collaboration.group polarization.groupthink.14. Which of the following is NOT one of the four categories of leader behavior outlined in path-goal theory?Deselect AnswerAuthoritativeAchievement orientedDirectiveParticipative15. For a cohesive group to be productiveDeselect Answermembers must be very dissimilar.cohesiveness must be unrelated to work.groups must have strong work-related norms.none of the above16. Centralized networks may have difficulty solving complex problems becauseDeselect Answerinformation flows too quickly.individuals in central positions are subject to information overloadno one is directing the flow of communication.the status hierarchy stifles individual creativity.17. In the job characteristics model, the motivating potential score is calculated byDeselect Answeraveraging the five core job characteristics.none of the aboveadding the five core job characteristics.converting the five core job characteristics to percentiles.18. By definition, a leader isDeselect Answerall of the aboveany individual who has the ability to direct a group toward the attainment of goals.an individual who is formally elected or appointed to a position of power or authority.any individual who has leadership traits and skills.19. According to research, individuals who exhibit the type A behavior patternDeselect Answerproduce higher-quality work, but at a slower rate than type Bs.tend to have lower organizational positions than type Bs.tend to work harder than type Bs and work well in a variety of jobs.tend to abuse alcohol and drugs more often than type Bs.20. The Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) asks workers to rate their levels of satisfaction-dissatisfaction withDeselect Answerover 100 job facets.10 job facets.5 major job facets.20 job facets.21. Zach is the manager of a group of clerical workers. He is considering implementing a new computer system. Before he decides what to do, he carefully asks a series of questions concerning his decision. In all likelihood, Zach is following which theory of leadership?Deselect AnswerLeader Matchthe decision-making modelthe path–goal theoryFiedler’s contingency model22. According to equity theory, a comparison other can beDeselect Answersomeone with a similar job.the worker’s own experience.a coworker.all of the above23. Research suggests thatDeselect Answermanagers are indicating a growing preference for formal written reports as a communication method.managers are indicating a growing preference for email as a communication method.managers are indicating a growing preference for face-to-face communication.none of the above24. According to Herzberg, if an employee receives a fair wage, he or she is likely toDeselect Answernot feel dissatisfied.feel satisfied.not feel satisfied.feel dissatisfied.25. When studying stress, it is important toDeselect Answerfocus on relieving stress.use self-report methods for measuring stress.focus only on work stress.focus on a broad picture of the total stress an individual is experiencing.26. Communication problems at work that cause stress commonly includeDeselect Answerinadequate telephone systems.workers feeling uninformed about organizational processes.all of the aboveincreased decision making by workers.27. The process whereby group members learn about and take on various defined patterns of behavior is calledDeselect Answerrole expectation.behavior differentiation.role differentiation.organizational socialization.28. Research on stressful occupations has indicated thatDeselect Answerphysical dangers at work cause the most stress.police officers are not stressed at all.police officers may be motivated by physical danger.police officers are particularly stressed because of physical dangers.29. Encoding involvesDeselect Answerthe selection of the recipient of a message.all of the abovedifferent processes depending on the type of communication network.the selection of a shared code as a means of communication.30. Research suggests that voluntary turnover in organizations may be predicted byDeselect Answerhigh worker stress and low levels of organizational commitment.high worker stress and methods of training.high worker stress and punitive supervisory style.worker stress that is too low and orientation methods.31. According to McClelland, the Thematic Apperception Test can be used to determineDeselect Answera motivational profile for an individual worker.the monetary rewards needed to motivate an individual worker.at which level of Maslow’s hierarchy an individual worker is.which motivation theory applies to a particular work situation.32. Allowing outstanding employees to leave work early is an example of the use ofDeselect Answerpunishment.positive reinforcement.negative reinforcement.job enrichment.33. Organizational commitment is defined asDeselect Answera worker’s feelings and attitudes about the entire work organization.the positive feelings one has about one’s coworkers and supervisors.the positive and negative attitudes about one’s job.the desire to leave the organization.34. Voluntary turnover is costly to organizations becauseDeselect Answersometimes good workers are fired.losing a valued employee leads to reduced organizational productivity.firing employees may lead to expensive legal situations.laying off a large group of employees temporarily reduces productivity.35. The Porter–Lawler model of job satisfaction actually builds uponDeselect Answerthe equity theory of motivation.Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.the two-factor theory of motivation.McClelland’s achievement motivation theory36. Most instruments designed from the facet approach to job satisfaction measure satisfaction with such things asDeselect Answerskill variety and task identity.personality characteristics of coworkers.pay, working conditions, and relationships with supervisors and coworkers.all of the above37. Research has indicated that voluntary turnover is influenced byDeselect Answerlevel of monetary compensation.levels of work group conflict.workers’ perceived lack of influence or power within the organization.punitive managerial techniques.38. A salesperson who receives sales commissions every month is being reinforced using aDeselect Answerfixed interval schedule.fixed ratio schedule.variable ratio schedule.variable interval schedule.39. CompetitionDeselect Answeris considered imperative for individual and organizational success in Western cultures.cannot coexist with cooperation in a work group.is discouraged when it exists at the expense of group members.exists because the group is not cohesive.40. Directive and achievement-oriented leader behaviorsDeselect Answerrepresent a more detailed breakdown of the category of initiating structure leader behaviors.are conceptually unrelated.are dimensions used in the leader–member exchange model.represent a more detailed breakdown of the category of consideration exchange behaviors.41. Research indicates that self-efficacy is related toDeselect Answerhigher levels of work stress.hardiness.an individual’s sense of competence and effectiveness.the type A behavior pattern.42. When the manufacturing group discussed the fact that their product had experienced some failures in the past few months, they agreed that the failures were due to misuse on the part of the customer and that the quality manager typically overreacts to such reports. As a result, the group decided to increase production of the product without checking for defects. This is an example ofDeselect Answermindguards.the illusion of invulnerability.the illusion of unanimity.collective rationalizations.43. Most organizations would like to eliminateDeselect Answerboth voluntary and involuntary absenteeism.involuntary absenteeism.voluntary absenteeism.neither type of absenteeism because neither is amenable to organizational control.44. Characteristics of the sender that influence the effectiveness of a communication are calledDeselect Answersource factors.channel factors.sender factors.45. Which of the following most accurately describes relations between employee engagement, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment?Deselect AnswerAll of the aboveJob satisfaction is unrelated to employee engagement.Job satisfaction is an “umbrella term” that includes employee engagement and organizational commitmentAll three involve positive feelings toward work and the work organization.Although job satisfaction is related to employee engagement, organizational commitment is not.46. Difficulties with survey instruments includeDeselect Answerall of the abovethe outdating of survey instruments due to changes in technology and work roles.they do not allow clarification or elaboration of responses.response biases.47. Bonus question: Are you done with the test?Deselect AnswerYes48. When Sam, a manufacturing manager, realized that an important shipment might be late, he asked the assistant manager for her ideas and input. Sam decided alone what changes to make to the shipping schedule. According to the decision-making model, Sam used the __________ decision-making style.Deselect Answerautocratic IIconsultative IIautocratic Iconsultative I49. According to Maslow’s need-hierarchy theory, a level of needs that has been substantially satisfiedDeselect Answermay actually increase in intensity.is no longer a motivator.will serve as a secondary motivator.will become unimportant to the individual.50. Worker stress resulting from a lack of control may be reduced byDeselect Answerallowing workers to participate in decision making.giving workers more money.allowing workers to delegate responsibilities to coworkers.giving workers extended vacations51. Critics of Fiedler’s contingency model have focused primarily onDeselect Answerall of the abovethe focus on leadership situations.use of the LPC measure.problems distinguishing between position power and task structure.52. Person–environment fit refers toDeselect Answerthe match between a worker’s abilities and values and managerial techniques.the match between a worker’s abilities and needs and organizational demands and rewards.the match between worker motivation and job tasks.the match between worker satisfaction and job rewards.53. One limitation to reinforcement theory is thatDeselect Answerit is simply a theoretical approach with no basis in research.it emphasizes intrinsic rewards to the exclusion of extrinsic rewards.it emphasizes extrinsic rewards to the exclusion of intrinsic motivation.it has no application in the workplace.54. Mary wants the vice president of her company to know about the sudden resignation of one of her colleagues, but she knows that it will take several days for the information to pass through channels. Mary mentions the information to the office secretary because she knows that the office secretary has lunch every day with the VP’s secretary. Which of the following factors assures that the message will be sent through the grapevine?Deselect AnswerFriendshipUsageEfficiencyAll of the above55. The 4 disciplines of execution are:Deselect AnswerWIG, Lead Measures, Comppeling Scoreboard, UnderstandingGood goals, Lead Measures, Comppeling Scoreboard, Cadence of AccountabilityWIG, Lead Measures, Communication, Cadence of AccountabilityWIG, Lead Measures, Comppeling Scoreboard, Cadence of Accountability56. Research on work–family conflict indicates thatDeselect Answertraditional family structures are needed to reduce work–family conflict.very few people experience work–family conflict.workers’ experience of work–family conflict has actually decreased over the past years.work–family conflict is stressful for workers around the world.57. Research has indicated that the setting of specific, challenging goals mayDeselect Answerstimulate high-quality planning by workers.lead to increased communication between coworkers.lead to dismayed and discouraged workers.increase worker satisfaction.58. Smart trust consists of:Deselect AnswerLow propensity to trust and Low AnalysysLow propensity to trust and High AnalysysHigh propensity to trust and Low AnalysysHigh propensity to trust and High Analysys59. According to the job characteristics model, the five core job characteristics areDeselect Answerskill variety, task variety, task significance, autonomy, and feedback.skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback.skill variety, task identity, task significance, power, and feedback.skill identity, task variety, task significance, autonomy, and feedback.60. Teams that have complete responsibility for whole tasks, products, or service lines are calledDeselect Answertask-focused teams.self-managing work teams.complete teams.quality circles.61. The Ohio State leadership studies discovered two categories of leader behavior, which were labeledDeselect Answerdirective and supportive.behavioral and task oriented.initiating structure and consideration.task and relationship oriented.62. The Clara Dress Co. has developed a new team of six professionals. This team would likely be most effective in which of the following tasks?Deselect AnswerSewing pockets on skirts and dressesAll of the aboveReorganizing the entire product line and planning a new advertising campaignSupervising line workers63. An example of autocratic decision making is whenDeselect Answerthe salespeople agree after a discussion to offer a discount on orders over $1,000.the supervisor decided which word processing software is to be used.a vote is taken among secretaries to trade Veterans Day for the day after Thanksgiving as a vacation day.the director asks for input from workers but then makes a decision alone.64. In the expectancy theory of motivation, valence refers toDeselect Answerthe desirability of a particular outcome to the individual.the perceived relationship between effort and performance.the likelihood of individual success.the relationship between performance and the likely consequence of performance.65. Which of the following is NOT true regarding decentralized communication networks?Deselect AnswerFlow of information is directed through specific network members.Communication patterns are not typically controlled by members’ status.Communication can originate at any point in the network.The network is controlled by workers’ proximity to one another.66. “I will vote for that man for any office because his father was the president.” This statement indicates a belief in which theory of leadership?Deselect AnswerGreat man-great woman theoryTrait theoryCharismatic theoryContingency theory67. The two general approaches followed in most leadership training programs involveDeselect Answerteaching task-oriented or relationship-oriented leader behaviors.teaching diagnostic skills or teaching specific new skills or behaviors.matching leaders to jobs or jobs to leaders.teaching participative decision making or democratic decision making.68. Ross just started a job with a new employer. According to the steps in organizational socialization, before he learns about the roles he and others play in the group and makes the transition to regular member, Ross must firstDeselect Answerdevelop realistic expectations about the organization and the job.discover the expectations that other group members have of him.clearly communicate his expectations to the group.forget his expectations and concentrate on the job tasks.69. “Groupthink” refers to the situation whereDeselect Answera democratic vote is unanimous.group members arrive at a consensus without a critical analysis.group members independently arrive at the same decision.a group leader tells the others how to think70. Which of the following communication channels is less likely to be misunderstood?Deselect AnswerFace-to-face communicationsTelephone channelsWritten channelsCommunication channels do not differ in levels of misunderstanding.71. Research has indicated that work overload is related toDeselect Answerlower-quality work.all of the aboveelevated serum cholesterol.job dissatisfaction.72. Organizational commitment tends to be affected byDeselect Answerindividual differences in extroversion.the worker’s perception of having a good chance of finding another job.systems and technology variables.all of the above73. Juan is the controller at his company and, as such, must make sure that he and all the other managers operate within their budgets. The workers in Juan’s department can no longer keep up with the workload and a new position is needed. However, Juan’s budget will not cover the salary for an additional person. Juan’s dilemma is known asDeselect Answerrole conflictintragroup conflict.group task conflict.intergroup conflict74. The vast majority of U.S. workers are paid on which of the following reinforcement schedules?Deselect AnswerFixed interval scheduleVariable ratio scheduleFixed ratio scheduleVariable interval schedule75. The strategy for applying the leader–member exchange model of leadershipDeselect Answeris a complex program of altering the work situation.is too complicated for most organizations.involves improving the quality of the relationships between workers and customers.involves improving the quality of the relationships between the leader and workers.76. According to McClelland, people who love the challenge of work have a high need forDeselect Answeractivity.power.status.achievement.77. Trust waves help to:Deselect AnswerAll of the abovemaximize influence of your organizationIncrease speedlower cost78. One reason that profit sharing plans may NOT be effective is thatDeselect Answerthey are paid on a fixed ratio schedule.profit sharing always yields very small monetary amounts.it is difficult for employees to see how their individual performance affects the company’s total output.they have been found to decrease levels of worker output.79. Which of the following is NOT one of the three characteristics of the work situation outlined in Fiedler’s contingency model?Deselect AnswerTask structureAll of the above are characteristics of Fiedler’s model.Leader–member relationsTask difficulty80. The most widely used standardized measure of job satisfaction isDeselect Answerthe Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ).the Job In General scale (JIG).the Job Satisfaction Index (JSI).the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).81. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an all-channel communication network?Deselect AnswerEmployees work together as a team.All members are accessible to one another.There is maximum opportunity for feedback.Communication is quite slow.82. The rationale behind the least preferred coworker (LPC) scoring system is thatDeselect Answerlow scores indicate a poor leader.leaders who score low are task oriented and, therefore, rate very harshly.leaders who score high are task oriented and, therefore, rate very harshly.low scores indicate an effective leader.83. Studies have indicated that on-site child care programsDeselect Answergreatly reduce worker absenteeism, but have little effect on job satisfaction.do not affect job satisfaction or worker absenteeism.increase job satisfaction, but have mild effects on worker absenteeism.greatly reduce worker absenteeism and increase job satisfaction.84. According to Hans Selye, stress is defined asDeselect Answera physiological reaction to threatening environmental events.all of the abovea psychological reaction to threatening environmental events.a psychological reaction to work overload and deadlines.85. The “snowball effect” describesDeselect Answerthe flow of lateral and downward communication in the organization.workers who quit their jobs in clustersthe general lack of absenteeism among satisfied workers.individual employees who receive a great deal of information from upper levels in an organization.86. Motivation is defined asDeselect Answerthe force that energizes, directs, and sustains behavior.the degree of ambition exhibited by a worker.a measure of how hard a person works.physiological brain activity.87. A stressor is defined asDeselect Answera psychological reaction that causes a physiological reaction.an individual characteristic that leads to stress.all of the abovean environmental event that is perceived as threatening.88. Downward communication may take several forms, includingDeselect Answerall of the abovefeedback concerning job performance.information about organizational procedures.instructions concerning job performance.89. Downward communication may be insufficient in some organizations becauseDeselect Answerall of the abovesuperiors may overestimate the amount of information that their subordinates possess.subordinates may not be able to understand technical information used by superiors.lower-level employees do not want or need much information from upper-level employees.90. The transformational and charismatic leadership theories consider whether or not a leader can __________ followers.Deselect Answerinspireattractrewardcommunicate with19 out of 18
