FINAL EXAM Welcome to your FINAL EXAM Your Name 1. Downward communication may be insufficient in some organizations becauseDeselect Answerlower-level employees do not want or need much information from upper-level employees.subordinates may not be able to understand technical information used by superiors.all of the abovesuperiors may overestimate the amount of information that their subordinates possess.2. Which of the following is NOT an example of distortion through exaggeration?Deselect AnswerLeaving out entire aspects of a messageMinimizing certain aspects of a messageElaborating certain aspects of a messageOverestimating certain aspects of a message3. When the manufacturing group discussed the fact that their product had experienced some failures in the past few months, they agreed that the failures were due to misuse on the part of the customer and that the quality manager typically overreacts to such reports. As a result, the group decided to increase production of the product without checking for defects. This is an example ofDeselect Answerthe illusion of unanimity.collective rationalizations.the illusion of invulnerability.mindguards.4. The four cores of credibility are:Deselect AnswerIntegrity, Intent, Compatibility and ResultsIntegrity, Intent, Capability and ResultsIntegrity, intention, Capability and ResolutionIntention, Integrity, Capability and Results5. Juan is the controller at his company and, as such, must make sure that he and all the other managers operate within their budgets. The workers in Juan’s department can no longer keep up with the workload and a new position is needed. However, Juan’s budget will not cover the salary for an additional person. Juan’s dilemma is known asDeselect Answerintragroup conflict.intergroup conflictgroup task conflict.role conflict6. Downward communication may take several forms, includingDeselect Answerfeedback concerning job performance.instructions concerning job performance.all of the aboveinformation about organizational procedures.7. The Ohio State leadership studies discovered two categories of leader behavior, which were labeledDeselect Answertask and relationship oriented.initiating structure and consideration.behavioral and task oriented.directive and supportive.8. A salesperson who receives sales commissions every month is being reinforced using aDeselect Answerfixed interval schedule.variable ratio schedule.variable interval schedule.fixed ratio schedule.9. By definition, a leader isDeselect Answerall of the aboveany individual who has leadership traits and skills.an individual who is formally elected or appointed to a position of power or authority.any individual who has the ability to direct a group toward the attainment of goals.10. Research has indicated that the setting of specific, challenging goals mayDeselect Answerlead to dismayed and discouraged workers.lead to increased communication between coworkers.increase worker satisfaction.stimulate high-quality planning by workers.11. When Sam, a manufacturing manager, realized that an important shipment might be late, he asked the assistant manager for her ideas and input. Sam decided alone what changes to make to the shipping schedule. According to the decision-making model, Sam used the __________ decision-making style.Deselect Answerconsultative Iautocratic Iconsultative IIautocratic II12. According to McClelland, people who love the challenge of work have a high need forDeselect Answerpower.status.achievement.activity.13. Communication problems at work that cause stress commonly includeDeselect Answerall of the aboveworkers feeling uninformed about organizational processes.increased decision making by workers.inadequate telephone systems.14. The Porter–Lawler model of job satisfaction actually builds uponDeselect Answerthe two-factor theory of motivation.McClelland’s achievement motivation theorythe equity theory of motivation.Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.15. Research suggests thatDeselect Answermanagers are indicating a growing preference for email as a communication method.managers are indicating a growing preference for formal written reports as a communication method.managers are indicating a growing preference for face-to-face communication.none of the above16. The transformational and charismatic leadership theories consider whether or not a leader can __________ followers.Deselect Answerattractcommunicate withrewardinspire17. Physiological reactions to stress includeDeselect Answerelevated blood pressure.all of the aboveperspiration.increased heart rates.18. Which of the following most accurately describes relations between employee engagement, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment?Deselect AnswerJob satisfaction is unrelated to employee engagement.All of the aboveAll three involve positive feelings toward work and the work organization.Job satisfaction is an “umbrella term” that includes employee engagement and organizational commitmentAlthough job satisfaction is related to employee engagement, organizational commitment is not.19. Teams that have complete responsibility for whole tasks, products, or service lines are calledDeselect Answerquality circles.complete teams.self-managing work teams.task-focused teams.20. Centralized networks may have difficulty solving complex problems becauseDeselect Answerinformation flows too quickly.the status hierarchy stifles individual creativity.no one is directing the flow of communication.individuals in central positions are subject to information overload21. The process whereby group members learn about and take on various defined patterns of behavior is calledDeselect Answerorganizational socialization.role differentiation.role expectation.behavior differentiation.22. Cary is a stockbroker who is personally in favor of advising a client to invest about one-third of his money in a high-risk investment. After discussing the investment with a group of his colleagues, Cary advises the client to put more than half of his money in the high-risk investment. This process is an example ofDeselect Answergroup polarization.collaboration.mindguarding.groupthink.23. The most widely used standardized measure of job satisfaction isDeselect Answerthe Job In General scale (JIG).the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ).the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).the Job Satisfaction Index (JSI).24. Worker stress resulting from a lack of control may be reduced byDeselect Answergiving workers more money.allowing workers to participate in decision making.allowing workers to delegate responsibilities to coworkers.giving workers extended vacations25. Research indicates that self-efficacy is related toDeselect Answerhardiness.higher levels of work stress.the type A behavior pattern.an individual’s sense of competence and effectiveness.26. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an all-channel communication network?Deselect AnswerEmployees work together as a team.Communication is quite slow.There is maximum opportunity for feedback.All members are accessible to one another.27. Which of the following is NOT one of the three characteristics of the work situation outlined in Fiedler’s contingency model?Deselect AnswerTask difficultyLeader–member relationsTask structureAll of the above are characteristics of Fiedler’s model.28. Mary wants the vice president of her company to know about the sudden resignation of one of her colleagues, but she knows that it will take several days for the information to pass through channels. Mary mentions the information to the office secretary because she knows that the office secretary has lunch every day with the VP’s secretary. Which of the following factors assures that the message will be sent through the grapevine?Deselect AnswerEfficiencyFriendshipUsageAll of the above29. Smart trust consists of:Deselect AnswerHigh propensity to trust and High AnalysysLow propensity to trust and High AnalysysLow propensity to trust and Low AnalysysHigh propensity to trust and Low Analysys30. The 4 disciplines of execution are:Deselect AnswerWIG, Lead Measures, Comppeling Scoreboard, UnderstandingGood goals, Lead Measures, Comppeling Scoreboard, Cadence of AccountabilityWIG, Lead Measures, Communication, Cadence of AccountabilityWIG, Lead Measures, Comppeling Scoreboard, Cadence of Accountability31. “I will vote for that man for any office because his father was the president.” This statement indicates a belief in which theory of leadership?Deselect AnswerGreat man-great woman theoryTrait theoryCharismatic theoryContingency theory32. Meta-analyses have indicated that job satisfaction and absenteeism have aDeselect Answercorrelation equal to zero.low positive correlation.high negative correlation.low negative correlation.33. CompetitionDeselect Answeris considered imperative for individual and organizational success in Western cultures.is discouraged when it exists at the expense of group members.exists because the group is not cohesive.cannot coexist with cooperation in a work group.34. One limitation to reinforcement theory is thatDeselect Answerit is simply a theoretical approach with no basis in research.it has no application in the workplace.it emphasizes intrinsic rewards to the exclusion of extrinsic rewards.it emphasizes extrinsic rewards to the exclusion of intrinsic motivation.35. Wanda and Bob both wanted to make their department’s presentation at the next stockholders meeting. Bob gave in to Wanda’s wishes because he wanted to maintain a good relationship with Wanda. Bob used which of the following conflict resolution strategies?Deselect AnswerCompromiseAvoidanceCollaborationAccommodation36. Allowing outstanding employees to leave work early is an example of the use ofDeselect Answerpunishment.negative reinforcement.job enrichment.positive reinforcement.37. Difficulties with survey instruments includeDeselect Answerthey do not allow clarification or elaboration of responses.response biases.the outdating of survey instruments due to changes in technology and work roles.all of the above38. Studies have indicated that on-site child care programsDeselect Answergreatly reduce worker absenteeism, but have little effect on job satisfaction.do not affect job satisfaction or worker absenteeism.greatly reduce worker absenteeism and increase job satisfaction.increase job satisfaction, but have mild effects on worker absenteeism.39. Most instruments designed from the facet approach to job satisfaction measure satisfaction with such things asDeselect Answerskill variety and task identity.pay, working conditions, and relationships with supervisors and coworkers.all of the abovepersonality characteristics of coworkers.40. According to research, individuals who exhibit the type A behavior patternDeselect Answertend to work harder than type Bs and work well in a variety of jobs.tend to have lower organizational positions than type Bs.produce higher-quality work, but at a slower rate than type Bs.tend to abuse alcohol and drugs more often than type Bs.41. In the expectancy theory of motivation, valence refers toDeselect Answerthe desirability of a particular outcome to the individual.the likelihood of individual success.the perceived relationship between effort and performance.the relationship between performance and the likely consequence of performance.42. The vast majority of U.S. workers are paid on which of the following reinforcement schedules?Deselect AnswerVariable ratio scheduleFixed interval scheduleVariable interval scheduleFixed ratio schedule43. Critics of Fiedler’s contingency model have focused primarily onDeselect Answerall of the aboveproblems distinguishing between position power and task structure.the focus on leadership situations.use of the LPC measure.44. Which of the following communication channels is less likely to be misunderstood?Deselect AnswerFace-to-face communicationsWritten channelsCommunication channels do not differ in levels of misunderstanding.Telephone channels45. The two general approaches followed in most leadership training programs involveDeselect Answermatching leaders to jobs or jobs to leaders.teaching diagnostic skills or teaching specific new skills or behaviors.teaching task-oriented or relationship-oriented leader behaviors.teaching participative decision making or democratic decision making.46. Organizational commitment tends to be affected byDeselect Answersystems and technology variables.all of the aboveindividual differences in extroversion.the worker’s perception of having a good chance of finding another job.47. Characteristics of the sender that influence the effectiveness of a communication are calledDeselect Answersource factors.sender factors.channel factors.48. Cognitive restructuring isDeselect Answeran organizational coping technique designed for managers and supervisors.an individual coping technique that has been found to be effective.an individual coping technique that requires group participation.an individual coping technique that has been found to be ineffective.49. Wildly Important Goals are defined as follows:Deselect AnswerFrom start to end by how longFrom now to to future by how muchFrom know to new by whenFrom what to what by when50. Most organizations would like to eliminateDeselect Answerboth voluntary and involuntary absenteeism.neither type of absenteeism because neither is amenable to organizational control.involuntary absenteeism.voluntary absenteeism.51. According to the Ohio State studies, initiating structure and consideration areDeselect Answerunrelated to subordinate satisfaction.independent.interdependent.very unlikely to coexist.52. For a cohesive group to be productiveDeselect Answernone of the abovecohesiveness must be unrelated to work.members must be very dissimilar.groups must have strong work-related norms.53. Directive and achievement-oriented leader behaviorsDeselect Answerrepresent a more detailed breakdown of the category of initiating structure leader behaviors.represent a more detailed breakdown of the category of consideration exchange behaviors.are conceptually unrelated.are dimensions used in the leader–member exchange model.54. The rationale behind the least preferred coworker (LPC) scoring system is thatDeselect Answerlow scores indicate an effective leader.leaders who score high are task oriented and, therefore, rate very harshly.low scores indicate a poor leader.leaders who score low are task oriented and, therefore, rate very harshly.55. Which of the following is NOT one of the four categories of leader behavior outlined in path-goal theory?Deselect AnswerAchievement orientedAuthoritativeParticipativeDirective56. The main reason that cooperation is the rule rather than the exception in work settings is thatDeselect Answerpeople basically like to build positive work relationships.it is often very difficult to achieve work goals alone.people who work together eventually adopt the same goals.most employees want to cooperate with each other.57. According to Maslow’s need-hierarchy theory, a level of needs that has been substantially satisfiedDeselect Answermay actually increase in intensity.is no longer a motivator.will become unimportant to the individual.will serve as a secondary motivator.58. Research on work–family conflict indicates thatDeselect Answervery few people experience work–family conflict.workers’ experience of work–family conflict has actually decreased over the past years.traditional family structures are needed to reduce work–family conflict.work–family conflict is stressful for workers around the world.59. Interindividual conflict arises whenDeselect Answerone person violates group norms.two people compete for the same goal.one person is striving to attain two goals.a person is faced with two sets of incompatible goals.60. “Groupthink” refers to the situation whereDeselect Answera democratic vote is unanimous.group members independently arrive at the same decision.a group leader tells the others how to thinkgroup members arrive at a consensus without a critical analysis.61. The “snowball effect” describesDeselect Answerindividual employees who receive a great deal of information from upper levels in an organization.the flow of lateral and downward communication in the organization.the general lack of absenteeism among satisfied workers.workers who quit their jobs in clusters62. The Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) asks workers to rate their levels of satisfaction-dissatisfaction withDeselect Answer20 job facets.over 100 job facets.5 major job facets.10 job facets.63. According to Herzberg, if an employee receives a fair wage, he or she is likely toDeselect Answerfeel satisfied.not feel dissatisfied.feel dissatisfied.not feel satisfied.64. Which of the following is NOT true regarding decentralized communication networks?Deselect AnswerCommunication can originate at any point in the network.The network is controlled by workers’ proximity to one another.Communication patterns are not typically controlled by members’ status.Flow of information is directed through specific network members.65. One reason that profit sharing plans may NOT be effective is thatDeselect Answerthey are paid on a fixed ratio schedule.it is difficult for employees to see how their individual performance affects the company’s total output.profit sharing always yields very small monetary amounts.they have been found to decrease levels of worker output.66. A stressor is defined asDeselect Answera psychological reaction that causes a physiological reaction.all of the abovean environmental event that is perceived as threatening.an individual characteristic that leads to stress.67. Which of the following is NOT a positive effect of the grapevine?Deselect AnswerIt can play a part in reducing absenteeism and turnover.It encourages the development of organizational commitment.It relays information through established organizational communication patterns.It meets the social communication needs of employees.68. When studying stress, it is important toDeselect Answeruse self-report methods for measuring stress.focus on relieving stress.focus only on work stress.focus on a broad picture of the total stress an individual is experiencing.69. Trust waves help to:Deselect Answerlower costmaximize influence of your organizationAll of the aboveIncrease speed70. In the job characteristics model, the motivating potential score is calculated byDeselect Answeradding the five core job characteristics.none of the aboveconverting the five core job characteristics to percentiles.averaging the five core job characteristics.71. The strategy for applying the leader–member exchange model of leadershipDeselect Answeris a complex program of altering the work situation.is too complicated for most organizations.involves improving the quality of the relationships between workers and customers.involves improving the quality of the relationships between the leader and workers.72. According to equity theory, a comparison other can beDeselect Answera coworker.someone with a similar job.the worker’s own experience.all of the above73. An example of autocratic decision making is whenDeselect Answerthe salespeople agree after a discussion to offer a discount on orders over $1,000.a vote is taken among secretaries to trade Veterans Day for the day after Thanksgiving as a vacation day.the director asks for input from workers but then makes a decision alone.the supervisor decided which word processing software is to be used.74. According to McClelland, the Thematic Apperception Test can be used to determineDeselect Answerat which level of Maslow’s hierarchy an individual worker is.which motivation theory applies to a particular work situation.a motivational profile for an individual worker.the monetary rewards needed to motivate an individual worker.75. According to Hans Selye, stress is defined asDeselect Answera psychological reaction to threatening environmental events.a psychological reaction to work overload and deadlines.a physiological reaction to threatening environmental events.all of the above76. Ross just started a job with a new employer. According to the steps in organizational socialization, before he learns about the roles he and others play in the group and makes the transition to regular member, Ross must firstDeselect Answerforget his expectations and concentrate on the job tasks.clearly communicate his expectations to the group.discover the expectations that other group members have of him.develop realistic expectations about the organization and the job.77. Voluntary turnover is costly to organizations becauseDeselect Answersometimes good workers are fired.laying off a large group of employees temporarily reduces productivity.firing employees may lead to expensive legal situations.losing a valued employee leads to reduced organizational productivity.78. Lateral communication in organizations is particularly important whenDeselect Answermanagers are responsible for many different workers and their performance.work groups must manage themselves.coworkers must coordinate their activities in order to accomplish a goal.coworkers are competing for the same reward/goal.79. Zach is the manager of a group of clerical workers. He is considering implementing a new computer system. Before he decides what to do, he carefully asks a series of questions concerning his decision. In all likelihood, Zach is following which theory of leadership?Deselect Answerthe path–goal theoryLeader Matchthe decision-making modelFiedler’s contingency model80. Research has indicated that work overload is related toDeselect Answerelevated serum cholesterol.job dissatisfaction.lower-quality work.all of the above81. Research suggests that voluntary turnover in organizations may be predicted byDeselect Answerworker stress that is too low and orientation methods.high worker stress and punitive supervisory style.high worker stress and low levels of organizational commitment.high worker stress and methods of training.82. Person–environment fit refers toDeselect Answerthe match between a worker’s abilities and values and managerial techniques.the match between a worker’s abilities and needs and organizational demands and rewards.the match between worker satisfaction and job rewards.the match between worker motivation and job tasks.83. According to the job characteristics model, the five core job characteristics areDeselect Answerskill variety, task variety, task significance, autonomy, and feedback.skill identity, task variety, task significance, autonomy, and feedback.skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback.skill variety, task identity, task significance, power, and feedback.84. Bonus question: Are you done with the test?Deselect AnswerYes85. The Clara Dress Co. has developed a new team of six professionals. This team would likely be most effective in which of the following tasks?Deselect AnswerReorganizing the entire product line and planning a new advertising campaignSupervising line workersAll of the aboveSewing pockets on skirts and dresses86. Encoding involvesDeselect Answerdifferent processes depending on the type of communication network.all of the abovethe selection of a shared code as a means of communication.the selection of the recipient of a message.87. Organizational commitment is defined asDeselect Answerthe desire to leave the organization.the positive and negative attitudes about one’s job.a worker’s feelings and attitudes about the entire work organization.the positive feelings one has about one’s coworkers and supervisors.88. Research on stressful occupations has indicated thatDeselect Answerpolice officers are particularly stressed because of physical dangers.police officers are not stressed at all.physical dangers at work cause the most stress.police officers may be motivated by physical danger.89. Motivation is defined asDeselect Answerthe force that energizes, directs, and sustains behavior.the degree of ambition exhibited by a worker.a measure of how hard a person works.physiological brain activity.90. Research has indicated that voluntary turnover is influenced byDeselect Answerworkers’ perceived lack of influence or power within the organization.levels of work group conflict.punitive managerial techniques.level of monetary compensation.19 out of 18
