Welcome to your FINAL EXAM Your Name 1. According to research, individuals who exhibit the type A behavior patternDeselect Answertend to have lower organizational positions than type Bs.produce higher-quality work, but at a slower rate than type Bs.tend to abuse alcohol and drugs more often than type Bs.tend to work harder than type Bs and work well in a variety of jobs.2. Most organizations would like to eliminateDeselect Answerinvoluntary absenteeism.voluntary absenteeism.neither type of absenteeism because neither is amenable to organizational control.both voluntary and involuntary absenteeism.3. Juan is the controller at his company and, as such, must make sure that he and all the other managers operate within their budgets. The workers in Juan’s department can no longer keep up with the workload and a new position is needed. However, Juan’s budget will not cover the salary for an additional person. Juan’s dilemma is known asDeselect Answergroup task conflict.role conflictintergroup conflictintragroup conflict.4. Research on stressful occupations has indicated thatDeselect Answerpolice officers are particularly stressed because of physical dangers.police officers may be motivated by physical danger.physical dangers at work cause the most stress.police officers are not stressed at all.5. A salesperson who receives sales commissions every month is being reinforced using aDeselect Answervariable ratio schedule.fixed ratio schedule.variable interval schedule.fixed interval schedule.6. Interindividual conflict arises whenDeselect Answerone person is striving to attain two goals.two people compete for the same goal.a person is faced with two sets of incompatible goals.one person violates group norms.7. The main reason that cooperation is the rule rather than the exception in work settings is thatDeselect Answerit is often very difficult to achieve work goals alone.people who work together eventually adopt the same goals.people basically like to build positive work relationships.most employees want to cooperate with each other.8. The most widely used standardized measure of job satisfaction isDeselect Answerthe Job Satisfaction Index (JSI).the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ).the Job In General scale (JIG).9. Communication problems at work that cause stress commonly includeDeselect Answerall of the aboveincreased decision making by workers.workers feeling uninformed about organizational processes.inadequate telephone systems.10. Which of the following is NOT one of the four categories of leader behavior outlined in path-goal theory?Deselect AnswerAuthoritativeAchievement orientedParticipativeDirective11. Cognitive restructuring isDeselect Answeran individual coping technique that has been found to be effective.an individual coping technique that has been found to be ineffective.an organizational coping technique designed for managers and supervisors.an individual coping technique that requires group participation.12. Meta-analyses have indicated that job satisfaction and absenteeism have aDeselect Answerhigh negative correlation.low negative correlation.correlation equal to zero.low positive correlation.13. Critics of Fiedler’s contingency model have focused primarily onDeselect Answerproblems distinguishing between position power and task structure.use of the LPC measure.the focus on leadership situations.all of the above14. Which of the following is NOT an example of distortion through exaggeration?Deselect AnswerElaborating certain aspects of a messageMinimizing certain aspects of a messageLeaving out entire aspects of a messageOverestimating certain aspects of a message15. The four cores of credibility are:Deselect AnswerIntegrity, Intent, Capability and ResultsIntention, Integrity, Capability and ResultsIntegrity, Intent, Compatibility and ResultsIntegrity, intention, Capability and Resolution16. Directive and achievement-oriented leader behaviorsDeselect Answerrepresent a more detailed breakdown of the category of consideration exchange behaviors.are conceptually unrelated.represent a more detailed breakdown of the category of initiating structure leader behaviors.are dimensions used in the leader–member exchange model.17. Encoding involvesDeselect Answerall of the abovethe selection of the recipient of a message.different processes depending on the type of communication network.the selection of a shared code as a means of communication.18. Studies have indicated that on-site child care programsDeselect Answergreatly reduce worker absenteeism and increase job satisfaction.do not affect job satisfaction or worker absenteeism.greatly reduce worker absenteeism, but have little effect on job satisfaction.increase job satisfaction, but have mild effects on worker absenteeism.19. When the manufacturing group discussed the fact that their product had experienced some failures in the past few months, they agreed that the failures were due to misuse on the part of the customer and that the quality manager typically overreacts to such reports. As a result, the group decided to increase production of the product without checking for defects. This is an example ofDeselect Answermindguards.collective rationalizations.the illusion of invulnerability.the illusion of unanimity.20. By definition, a leader isDeselect Answerall of the aboveany individual who has the ability to direct a group toward the attainment of goals.an individual who is formally elected or appointed to a position of power or authority.any individual who has leadership traits and skills.21. One limitation to reinforcement theory is thatDeselect Answerit emphasizes extrinsic rewards to the exclusion of intrinsic motivation.it emphasizes intrinsic rewards to the exclusion of extrinsic rewards.it is simply a theoretical approach with no basis in research.it has no application in the workplace.22. When studying stress, it is important toDeselect Answerfocus only on work stress.focus on a broad picture of the total stress an individual is experiencing.focus on relieving stress.use self-report methods for measuring stress.23. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an all-channel communication network?Deselect AnswerAll members are accessible to one another.There is maximum opportunity for feedback.Communication is quite slow.Employees work together as a team.24. For a cohesive group to be productiveDeselect Answermembers must be very dissimilar.none of the abovecohesiveness must be unrelated to work.groups must have strong work-related norms.25. Zach is the manager of a group of clerical workers. He is considering implementing a new computer system. Before he decides what to do, he carefully asks a series of questions concerning his decision. In all likelihood, Zach is following which theory of leadership?Deselect AnswerLeader Matchthe path–goal theoryFiedler’s contingency modelthe decision-making model26. Centralized networks may have difficulty solving complex problems becauseDeselect Answerthe status hierarchy stifles individual creativity.information flows too quickly.individuals in central positions are subject to information overloadno one is directing the flow of communication.27. Research has indicated that work overload is related toDeselect Answerjob dissatisfaction.lower-quality work.all of the aboveelevated serum cholesterol.28. Smart trust consists of:Deselect AnswerLow propensity to trust and Low AnalysysHigh propensity to trust and Low AnalysysLow propensity to trust and High AnalysysHigh propensity to trust and High Analysys29. According to McClelland, people who love the challenge of work have a high need forDeselect Answerpower.activity.status.achievement.30. Research has indicated that the setting of specific, challenging goals mayDeselect Answerlead to increased communication between coworkers.stimulate high-quality planning by workers.lead to dismayed and discouraged workers.increase worker satisfaction.31. Which of the following is NOT true regarding decentralized communication networks?Deselect AnswerCommunication can originate at any point in the network.Flow of information is directed through specific network members.The network is controlled by workers’ proximity to one another.Communication patterns are not typically controlled by members’ status.32. Downward communication may take several forms, includingDeselect Answerfeedback concerning job performance.information about organizational procedures.instructions concerning job performance.all of the above33. The Porter–Lawler model of job satisfaction actually builds uponDeselect AnswerMaslow’s hierarchy of needs.the equity theory of motivation.the two-factor theory of motivation.McClelland’s achievement motivation theory34. Bonus question: Are you done with the test?Deselect AnswerYes35. Most instruments designed from the facet approach to job satisfaction measure satisfaction with such things asDeselect Answerall of the abovepay, working conditions, and relationships with supervisors and coworkers.skill variety and task identity.personality characteristics of coworkers.36. Motivation is defined asDeselect Answerthe degree of ambition exhibited by a worker.the force that energizes, directs, and sustains behavior.physiological brain activity.a measure of how hard a person works.37. The Ohio State leadership studies discovered two categories of leader behavior, which were labeledDeselect Answerbehavioral and task oriented.task and relationship oriented.initiating structure and consideration.directive and supportive.38. In the expectancy theory of motivation, valence refers toDeselect Answerthe likelihood of individual success.the perceived relationship between effort and performance.the desirability of a particular outcome to the individual.the relationship between performance and the likely consequence of performance.39. CompetitionDeselect Answeris considered imperative for individual and organizational success in Western cultures.cannot coexist with cooperation in a work group.exists because the group is not cohesive.is discouraged when it exists at the expense of group members.40. An example of autocratic decision making is whenDeselect Answerthe supervisor decided which word processing software is to be used.the director asks for input from workers but then makes a decision alone.the salespeople agree after a discussion to offer a discount on orders over $1,000.a vote is taken among secretaries to trade Veterans Day for the day after Thanksgiving as a vacation day.41. Ross just started a job with a new employer. According to the steps in organizational socialization, before he learns about the roles he and others play in the group and makes the transition to regular member, Ross must firstDeselect Answerforget his expectations and concentrate on the job tasks.clearly communicate his expectations to the group.discover the expectations that other group members have of him.develop realistic expectations about the organization and the job.42. According to equity theory, a comparison other can beDeselect Answerall of the abovethe worker’s own experience.someone with a similar job.a coworker.43. Worker stress resulting from a lack of control may be reduced byDeselect Answergiving workers extended vacationsgiving workers more money.allowing workers to participate in decision making.allowing workers to delegate responsibilities to coworkers.44. Research on work–family conflict indicates thatDeselect Answerworkers’ experience of work–family conflict has actually decreased over the past years.very few people experience work–family conflict.work–family conflict is stressful for workers around the world.traditional family structures are needed to reduce work–family conflict.45. “Groupthink” refers to the situation whereDeselect Answera democratic vote is unanimous.a group leader tells the others how to thinkgroup members arrive at a consensus without a critical analysis.group members independently arrive at the same decision.46. Allowing outstanding employees to leave work early is an example of the use ofDeselect Answerpositive reinforcement.job enrichment.punishment.negative reinforcement.47. The process whereby group members learn about and take on various defined patterns of behavior is calledDeselect Answerorganizational socialization.behavior differentiation.role expectation.role differentiation.48. Research indicates that self-efficacy is related toDeselect Answerhardiness.higher levels of work stress.an individual’s sense of competence and effectiveness.the type A behavior pattern.49. A stressor is defined asDeselect Answeran environmental event that is perceived as threatening.an individual characteristic that leads to stress.all of the abovea psychological reaction that causes a physiological reaction.50. The Clara Dress Co. has developed a new team of six professionals. This team would likely be most effective in which of the following tasks?Deselect AnswerAll of the aboveSewing pockets on skirts and dressesSupervising line workersReorganizing the entire product line and planning a new advertising campaign51. The “snowball effect” describesDeselect Answerthe flow of lateral and downward communication in the organization.individual employees who receive a great deal of information from upper levels in an organization.workers who quit their jobs in clustersthe general lack of absenteeism among satisfied workers.52. Trust waves help to:Deselect Answermaximize influence of your organizationAll of the aboveIncrease speedlower cost53. When Sam, a manufacturing manager, realized that an important shipment might be late, he asked the assistant manager for her ideas and input. Sam decided alone what changes to make to the shipping schedule. According to the decision-making model, Sam used the __________ decision-making style.Deselect Answerconsultative Iautocratic Iautocratic IIconsultative II54. According to the Ohio State studies, initiating structure and consideration areDeselect Answerindependent.unrelated to subordinate satisfaction.very unlikely to coexist.interdependent.55. The two general approaches followed in most leadership training programs involveDeselect Answerteaching diagnostic skills or teaching specific new skills or behaviors.matching leaders to jobs or jobs to leaders.teaching participative decision making or democratic decision making.teaching task-oriented or relationship-oriented leader behaviors.56. Organizational commitment is defined asDeselect Answerthe desire to leave the organization.the positive feelings one has about one’s coworkers and supervisors.a worker’s feelings and attitudes about the entire work organization.the positive and negative attitudes about one’s job.57. Wildly Important Goals are defined as follows:Deselect AnswerFrom start to end by how longFrom what to what by whenFrom now to to future by how muchFrom know to new by when58. According to Hans Selye, stress is defined asDeselect Answera physiological reaction to threatening environmental events.a psychological reaction to threatening environmental events.a psychological reaction to work overload and deadlines.all of the above59. In the job characteristics model, the motivating potential score is calculated byDeselect Answeraveraging the five core job characteristics.converting the five core job characteristics to percentiles.adding the five core job characteristics.none of the above60. Cary is a stockbroker who is personally in favor of advising a client to invest about one-third of his money in a high-risk investment. After discussing the investment with a group of his colleagues, Cary advises the client to put more than half of his money in the high-risk investment. This process is an example ofDeselect Answergroup polarization.groupthink.mindguarding.collaboration.61. Voluntary turnover is costly to organizations becauseDeselect Answerlosing a valued employee leads to reduced organizational productivity.sometimes good workers are fired.laying off a large group of employees temporarily reduces productivity.firing employees may lead to expensive legal situations.62. The Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) asks workers to rate their levels of satisfaction-dissatisfaction withDeselect Answer5 major job facets.20 job facets.over 100 job facets.10 job facets.63. Which of the following communication channels is less likely to be misunderstood?Deselect AnswerFace-to-face communicationsTelephone channelsWritten channelsCommunication channels do not differ in levels of misunderstanding.64. Person–environment fit refers toDeselect Answerthe match between worker motivation and job tasks.the match between a worker’s abilities and needs and organizational demands and rewards.the match between a worker’s abilities and values and managerial techniques.the match between worker satisfaction and job rewards.65. The rationale behind the least preferred coworker (LPC) scoring system is thatDeselect Answerlow scores indicate a poor leader.leaders who score low are task oriented and, therefore, rate very harshly.leaders who score high are task oriented and, therefore, rate very harshly.low scores indicate an effective leader.66. Mary wants the vice president of her company to know about the sudden resignation of one of her colleagues, but she knows that it will take several days for the information to pass through channels. Mary mentions the information to the office secretary because she knows that the office secretary has lunch every day with the VP’s secretary. Which of the following factors assures that the message will be sent through the grapevine?Deselect AnswerUsageEfficiencyAll of the aboveFriendship67. Which of the following most accurately describes relations between employee engagement, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment?Deselect AnswerAll three involve positive feelings toward work and the work organization.Although job satisfaction is related to employee engagement, organizational commitment is not.Job satisfaction is unrelated to employee engagement.All of the aboveJob satisfaction is an “umbrella term” that includes employee engagement and organizational commitment68. Which of the following is NOT a positive effect of the grapevine?Deselect AnswerIt relays information through established organizational communication patterns.It meets the social communication needs of employees.It can play a part in reducing absenteeism and turnover.It encourages the development of organizational commitment.69. Teams that have complete responsibility for whole tasks, products, or service lines are calledDeselect Answerquality circles.complete teams.task-focused teams.self-managing work teams.70. Difficulties with survey instruments includeDeselect Answerall of the aboveresponse biases.the outdating of survey instruments due to changes in technology and work roles.they do not allow clarification or elaboration of responses.71. The strategy for applying the leader–member exchange model of leadershipDeselect Answeris a complex program of altering the work situation.involves improving the quality of the relationships between workers and customers.involves improving the quality of the relationships between the leader and workers.is too complicated for most organizations.72. Physiological reactions to stress includeDeselect Answerincreased heart rates.all of the aboveelevated blood pressure.perspiration.73. Characteristics of the sender that influence the effectiveness of a communication are calledDeselect Answersource factors.sender factors.channel factors.74. Lateral communication in organizations is particularly important whenDeselect Answercoworkers must coordinate their activities in order to accomplish a goal.coworkers are competing for the same reward/goal.managers are responsible for many different workers and their performance.work groups must manage themselves.75. One reason that profit sharing plans may NOT be effective is thatDeselect Answerthey are paid on a fixed ratio schedule.profit sharing always yields very small monetary amounts.it is difficult for employees to see how their individual performance affects the company’s total output.they have been found to decrease levels of worker output.76. “I will vote for that man for any office because his father was the president.” This statement indicates a belief in which theory of leadership?Deselect AnswerTrait theoryCharismatic theoryGreat man-great woman theoryContingency theory77. Research suggests that voluntary turnover in organizations may be predicted byDeselect Answerhigh worker stress and methods of training.worker stress that is too low and orientation methods.high worker stress and low levels of organizational commitment.high worker stress and punitive supervisory style.78. Which of the following is NOT one of the three characteristics of the work situation outlined in Fiedler’s contingency model?Deselect AnswerLeader–member relationsTask difficultyAll of the above are characteristics of Fiedler’s model.Task structure79. According to McClelland, the Thematic Apperception Test can be used to determineDeselect Answera motivational profile for an individual worker.which motivation theory applies to a particular work situation.the monetary rewards needed to motivate an individual worker.at which level of Maslow’s hierarchy an individual worker is.80. According to Maslow’s need-hierarchy theory, a level of needs that has been substantially satisfiedDeselect Answerwill become unimportant to the individual.is no longer a motivator.will serve as a secondary motivator.may actually increase in intensity.81. The 4 disciplines of execution are:Deselect AnswerWIG, Lead Measures, Comppeling Scoreboard, Cadence of AccountabilityWIG, Lead Measures, Communication, Cadence of AccountabilityWIG, Lead Measures, Comppeling Scoreboard, UnderstandingGood goals, Lead Measures, Comppeling Scoreboard, Cadence of Accountability82. Wanda and Bob both wanted to make their department’s presentation at the next stockholders meeting. Bob gave in to Wanda’s wishes because he wanted to maintain a good relationship with Wanda. Bob used which of the following conflict resolution strategies?Deselect AnswerCompromiseAccommodationAvoidanceCollaboration83. According to the job characteristics model, the five core job characteristics areDeselect Answerskill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback.skill variety, task variety, task significance, autonomy, and feedback.skill identity, task variety, task significance, autonomy, and feedback.skill variety, task identity, task significance, power, and feedback.84. Research suggests thatDeselect Answermanagers are indicating a growing preference for email as a communication method.managers are indicating a growing preference for face-to-face communication.none of the abovemanagers are indicating a growing preference for formal written reports as a communication method.85. The vast majority of U.S. workers are paid on which of the following reinforcement schedules?Deselect AnswerFixed ratio scheduleVariable interval scheduleVariable ratio scheduleFixed interval schedule86. Organizational commitment tends to be affected byDeselect Answerall of the abovesystems and technology variables.the worker’s perception of having a good chance of finding another job.individual differences in extroversion.87. Research has indicated that voluntary turnover is influenced byDeselect Answerworkers’ perceived lack of influence or power within the organization.levels of work group conflict.level of monetary compensation.punitive managerial techniques.88. The transformational and charismatic leadership theories consider whether or not a leader can __________ followers.Deselect Answercommunicate withattractrewardinspire89. Downward communication may be insufficient in some organizations becauseDeselect Answersubordinates may not be able to understand technical information used by superiors.all of the abovelower-level employees do not want or need much information from upper-level employees.superiors may overestimate the amount of information that their subordinates possess.90. According to Herzberg, if an employee receives a fair wage, he or she is likely toDeselect Answerfeel satisfied.feel dissatisfied.not feel dissatisfied.not feel satisfied.19 out of 18
