Welcome to your FINAL EXAM Your Name 1. Voluntary turnover is costly to organizations becauseDeselect Answersometimes good workers are fired.losing a valued employee leads to reduced organizational productivity.firing employees may lead to expensive legal situations.laying off a large group of employees temporarily reduces productivity.2. Ross just started a job with a new employer. According to the steps in organizational socialization, before he learns about the roles he and others play in the group and makes the transition to regular member, Ross must firstDeselect Answerdiscover the expectations that other group members have of him.develop realistic expectations about the organization and the job.clearly communicate his expectations to the group.forget his expectations and concentrate on the job tasks.3. Organizational commitment tends to be affected byDeselect Answerindividual differences in extroversion.the worker’s perception of having a good chance of finding another job.all of the abovesystems and technology variables.4. The four cores of credibility are:Deselect AnswerIntention, Integrity, Capability and ResultsIntegrity, Intent, Capability and ResultsIntegrity, intention, Capability and ResolutionIntegrity, Intent, Compatibility and Results5. Cognitive restructuring isDeselect Answeran individual coping technique that has been found to be effective.an organizational coping technique designed for managers and supervisors.an individual coping technique that requires group participation.an individual coping technique that has been found to be ineffective.6. Lateral communication in organizations is particularly important whenDeselect Answercoworkers are competing for the same reward/goal.work groups must manage themselves.coworkers must coordinate their activities in order to accomplish a goal.managers are responsible for many different workers and their performance.7. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an all-channel communication network?Deselect AnswerAll members are accessible to one another.Communication is quite slow.Employees work together as a team.There is maximum opportunity for feedback.8. The “snowball effect” describesDeselect Answerthe general lack of absenteeism among satisfied workers.workers who quit their jobs in clustersthe flow of lateral and downward communication in the organization.individual employees who receive a great deal of information from upper levels in an organization.9. Interindividual conflict arises whenDeselect Answertwo people compete for the same goal.one person is striving to attain two goals.a person is faced with two sets of incompatible goals.one person violates group norms.10. Which of the following is NOT an example of distortion through exaggeration?Deselect AnswerOverestimating certain aspects of a messageLeaving out entire aspects of a messageMinimizing certain aspects of a messageElaborating certain aspects of a message11. The transformational and charismatic leadership theories consider whether or not a leader can __________ followers.Deselect Answerattractcommunicate withrewardinspire12. A stressor is defined asDeselect Answeran environmental event that is perceived as threatening.an individual characteristic that leads to stress.a psychological reaction that causes a physiological reaction.all of the above13. “I will vote for that man for any office because his father was the president.” This statement indicates a belief in which theory of leadership?Deselect AnswerTrait theoryGreat man-great woman theoryCharismatic theoryContingency theory14. The 4 disciplines of execution are:Deselect AnswerWIG, Lead Measures, Comppeling Scoreboard, UnderstandingWIG, Lead Measures, Comppeling Scoreboard, Cadence of AccountabilityWIG, Lead Measures, Communication, Cadence of AccountabilityGood goals, Lead Measures, Comppeling Scoreboard, Cadence of Accountability15. Which of the following is NOT a positive effect of the grapevine?Deselect AnswerIt relays information through established organizational communication patterns.It can play a part in reducing absenteeism and turnover.It meets the social communication needs of employees.It encourages the development of organizational commitment.16. Which of the following is NOT one of the four categories of leader behavior outlined in path-goal theory?Deselect AnswerAuthoritativeParticipativeAchievement orientedDirective17. According to McClelland, the Thematic Apperception Test can be used to determineDeselect Answerthe monetary rewards needed to motivate an individual worker.a motivational profile for an individual worker.at which level of Maslow’s hierarchy an individual worker is.which motivation theory applies to a particular work situation.18. For a cohesive group to be productiveDeselect Answercohesiveness must be unrelated to work.groups must have strong work-related norms.members must be very dissimilar.none of the above19. When the manufacturing group discussed the fact that their product had experienced some failures in the past few months, they agreed that the failures were due to misuse on the part of the customer and that the quality manager typically overreacts to such reports. As a result, the group decided to increase production of the product without checking for defects. This is an example ofDeselect Answerthe illusion of invulnerability.the illusion of unanimity.mindguards.collective rationalizations.20. Research on stressful occupations has indicated thatDeselect Answerpolice officers are particularly stressed because of physical dangers.physical dangers at work cause the most stress.police officers may be motivated by physical danger.police officers are not stressed at all.21. The Ohio State leadership studies discovered two categories of leader behavior, which were labeledDeselect Answertask and relationship oriented.behavioral and task oriented.initiating structure and consideration.directive and supportive.22. Downward communication may take several forms, includingDeselect Answerinstructions concerning job performance.all of the abovefeedback concerning job performance.information about organizational procedures.23. The two general approaches followed in most leadership training programs involveDeselect Answerteaching task-oriented or relationship-oriented leader behaviors.teaching participative decision making or democratic decision making.matching leaders to jobs or jobs to leaders.teaching diagnostic skills or teaching specific new skills or behaviors.24. Characteristics of the sender that influence the effectiveness of a communication are calledDeselect Answerchannel factors.source factors.sender factors.25. Zach is the manager of a group of clerical workers. He is considering implementing a new computer system. Before he decides what to do, he carefully asks a series of questions concerning his decision. In all likelihood, Zach is following which theory of leadership?Deselect Answerthe path–goal theorythe decision-making modelLeader MatchFiedler’s contingency model26. Which of the following is NOT true regarding decentralized communication networks?Deselect AnswerThe network is controlled by workers’ proximity to one another.Flow of information is directed through specific network members.Communication can originate at any point in the network.Communication patterns are not typically controlled by members’ status.27. Most instruments designed from the facet approach to job satisfaction measure satisfaction with such things asDeselect Answerall of the abovepay, working conditions, and relationships with supervisors and coworkers.personality characteristics of coworkers.skill variety and task identity.28. According to McClelland, people who love the challenge of work have a high need forDeselect Answerstatus.activity.power.achievement.29. Which of the following most accurately describes relations between employee engagement, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment?Deselect AnswerAll of the aboveJob satisfaction is unrelated to employee engagement.Job satisfaction is an “umbrella term” that includes employee engagement and organizational commitmentAll three involve positive feelings toward work and the work organization.Although job satisfaction is related to employee engagement, organizational commitment is not.30. Research has indicated that the setting of specific, challenging goals mayDeselect Answerlead to increased communication between coworkers.stimulate high-quality planning by workers.increase worker satisfaction.lead to dismayed and discouraged workers.31. Juan is the controller at his company and, as such, must make sure that he and all the other managers operate within their budgets. The workers in Juan’s department can no longer keep up with the workload and a new position is needed. However, Juan’s budget will not cover the salary for an additional person. Juan’s dilemma is known asDeselect Answerintragroup conflict.group task conflict.role conflictintergroup conflict32. The Porter–Lawler model of job satisfaction actually builds uponDeselect Answerthe equity theory of motivation.the two-factor theory of motivation.McClelland’s achievement motivation theoryMaslow’s hierarchy of needs.33. According to Hans Selye, stress is defined asDeselect Answerall of the abovea psychological reaction to work overload and deadlines.a psychological reaction to threatening environmental events.a physiological reaction to threatening environmental events.34. Trust waves help to:Deselect AnswerIncrease speedAll of the abovemaximize influence of your organizationlower cost35. Critics of Fiedler’s contingency model have focused primarily onDeselect Answerthe focus on leadership situations.all of the aboveuse of the LPC measure.problems distinguishing between position power and task structure.36. When studying stress, it is important toDeselect Answerfocus on relieving stress.focus on a broad picture of the total stress an individual is experiencing.use self-report methods for measuring stress.focus only on work stress.37. Communication problems at work that cause stress commonly includeDeselect Answerall of the aboveworkers feeling uninformed about organizational processes.inadequate telephone systems.increased decision making by workers.38. Motivation is defined asDeselect Answera measure of how hard a person works.physiological brain activity.the degree of ambition exhibited by a worker.the force that energizes, directs, and sustains behavior.39. Person–environment fit refers toDeselect Answerthe match between a worker’s abilities and needs and organizational demands and rewards.the match between a worker’s abilities and values and managerial techniques.the match between worker motivation and job tasks.the match between worker satisfaction and job rewards.40. Most organizations would like to eliminateDeselect Answerneither type of absenteeism because neither is amenable to organizational control.voluntary absenteeism.involuntary absenteeism.both voluntary and involuntary absenteeism.41. The Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) asks workers to rate their levels of satisfaction-dissatisfaction withDeselect Answerover 100 job facets.10 job facets.20 job facets.5 major job facets.42. Research indicates that self-efficacy is related toDeselect Answerhigher levels of work stress.an individual’s sense of competence and effectiveness.the type A behavior pattern.hardiness.43. “Groupthink” refers to the situation whereDeselect Answera group leader tells the others how to thinka democratic vote is unanimous.group members arrive at a consensus without a critical analysis.group members independently arrive at the same decision.44. The vast majority of U.S. workers are paid on which of the following reinforcement schedules?Deselect AnswerVariable ratio scheduleFixed ratio scheduleFixed interval scheduleVariable interval schedule45. Difficulties with survey instruments includeDeselect Answerthe outdating of survey instruments due to changes in technology and work roles.they do not allow clarification or elaboration of responses.all of the aboveresponse biases.46. Bonus question: Are you done with the test?Deselect AnswerYes47. The rationale behind the least preferred coworker (LPC) scoring system is thatDeselect Answerleaders who score low are task oriented and, therefore, rate very harshly.low scores indicate a poor leader.low scores indicate an effective leader.leaders who score high are task oriented and, therefore, rate very harshly.48. Which of the following communication channels is less likely to be misunderstood?Deselect AnswerCommunication channels do not differ in levels of misunderstanding.Written channelsTelephone channelsFace-to-face communications49. By definition, a leader isDeselect Answerany individual who has leadership traits and skills.an individual who is formally elected or appointed to a position of power or authority.all of the aboveany individual who has the ability to direct a group toward the attainment of goals.50. According to Maslow’s need-hierarchy theory, a level of needs that has been substantially satisfiedDeselect Answerwill become unimportant to the individual.is no longer a motivator.may actually increase in intensity.will serve as a secondary motivator.51. According to the job characteristics model, the five core job characteristics areDeselect Answerskill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback.skill variety, task variety, task significance, autonomy, and feedback.skill identity, task variety, task significance, autonomy, and feedback.skill variety, task identity, task significance, power, and feedback.52. Physiological reactions to stress includeDeselect Answerall of the aboveelevated blood pressure.perspiration.increased heart rates.53. Research has indicated that voluntary turnover is influenced byDeselect Answerworkers’ perceived lack of influence or power within the organization.level of monetary compensation.punitive managerial techniques.levels of work group conflict.54. Centralized networks may have difficulty solving complex problems becauseDeselect Answerindividuals in central positions are subject to information overloadinformation flows too quickly.no one is directing the flow of communication.the status hierarchy stifles individual creativity.55. Mary wants the vice president of her company to know about the sudden resignation of one of her colleagues, but she knows that it will take several days for the information to pass through channels. Mary mentions the information to the office secretary because she knows that the office secretary has lunch every day with the VP’s secretary. Which of the following factors assures that the message will be sent through the grapevine?Deselect AnswerUsageAll of the aboveFriendshipEfficiency56. Which of the following is NOT one of the three characteristics of the work situation outlined in Fiedler’s contingency model?Deselect AnswerTask difficultyTask structureAll of the above are characteristics of Fiedler’s model.Leader–member relations57. According to research, individuals who exhibit the type A behavior patternDeselect Answertend to work harder than type Bs and work well in a variety of jobs.tend to abuse alcohol and drugs more often than type Bs.tend to have lower organizational positions than type Bs.produce higher-quality work, but at a slower rate than type Bs.58. According to the Ohio State studies, initiating structure and consideration areDeselect Answerindependent.unrelated to subordinate satisfaction.interdependent.very unlikely to coexist.59. Organizational commitment is defined asDeselect Answerthe positive and negative attitudes about one’s job.the desire to leave the organization.a worker’s feelings and attitudes about the entire work organization.the positive feelings one has about one’s coworkers and supervisors.60. Smart trust consists of:Deselect AnswerLow propensity to trust and High AnalysysHigh propensity to trust and High AnalysysHigh propensity to trust and Low AnalysysLow propensity to trust and Low Analysys61. Teams that have complete responsibility for whole tasks, products, or service lines are calledDeselect Answertask-focused teams.quality circles.self-managing work teams.complete teams.62. Research suggests that voluntary turnover in organizations may be predicted byDeselect Answerhigh worker stress and punitive supervisory style.high worker stress and methods of training.worker stress that is too low and orientation methods.high worker stress and low levels of organizational commitment.63. The main reason that cooperation is the rule rather than the exception in work settings is thatDeselect Answerpeople basically like to build positive work relationships.most employees want to cooperate with each other.people who work together eventually adopt the same goals.it is often very difficult to achieve work goals alone.64. Directive and achievement-oriented leader behaviorsDeselect Answerare dimensions used in the leader–member exchange model.represent a more detailed breakdown of the category of initiating structure leader behaviors.are conceptually unrelated.represent a more detailed breakdown of the category of consideration exchange behaviors.65. Cary is a stockbroker who is personally in favor of advising a client to invest about one-third of his money in a high-risk investment. After discussing the investment with a group of his colleagues, Cary advises the client to put more than half of his money in the high-risk investment. This process is an example ofDeselect Answergroup polarization.groupthink.collaboration.mindguarding.66. An example of autocratic decision making is whenDeselect Answerthe supervisor decided which word processing software is to be used.the director asks for input from workers but then makes a decision alone.a vote is taken among secretaries to trade Veterans Day for the day after Thanksgiving as a vacation day.the salespeople agree after a discussion to offer a discount on orders over $1,000.67. One reason that profit sharing plans may NOT be effective is thatDeselect Answerthey have been found to decrease levels of worker output.profit sharing always yields very small monetary amounts.it is difficult for employees to see how their individual performance affects the company’s total output.they are paid on a fixed ratio schedule.68. The most widely used standardized measure of job satisfaction isDeselect Answerthe Job In General scale (JIG).the Job Satisfaction Index (JSI).the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ).69. Encoding involvesDeselect Answerthe selection of the recipient of a message.different processes depending on the type of communication network.the selection of a shared code as a means of communication.all of the above70. The Clara Dress Co. has developed a new team of six professionals. This team would likely be most effective in which of the following tasks?Deselect AnswerSewing pockets on skirts and dressesReorganizing the entire product line and planning a new advertising campaignSupervising line workersAll of the above71. Downward communication may be insufficient in some organizations becauseDeselect Answersuperiors may overestimate the amount of information that their subordinates possess.all of the abovelower-level employees do not want or need much information from upper-level employees.subordinates may not be able to understand technical information used by superiors.72. The strategy for applying the leader–member exchange model of leadershipDeselect Answerinvolves improving the quality of the relationships between workers and customers.is a complex program of altering the work situation.is too complicated for most organizations.involves improving the quality of the relationships between the leader and workers.73. Wildly Important Goals are defined as follows:Deselect AnswerFrom now to to future by how muchFrom start to end by how longFrom know to new by whenFrom what to what by when74. Allowing outstanding employees to leave work early is an example of the use ofDeselect Answerjob enrichment.punishment.positive reinforcement.negative reinforcement.75. Research suggests thatDeselect Answermanagers are indicating a growing preference for face-to-face communication.managers are indicating a growing preference for formal written reports as a communication method.none of the abovemanagers are indicating a growing preference for email as a communication method.76. In the expectancy theory of motivation, valence refers toDeselect Answerthe relationship between performance and the likely consequence of performance.the likelihood of individual success.the perceived relationship between effort and performance.the desirability of a particular outcome to the individual.77. CompetitionDeselect Answeris discouraged when it exists at the expense of group members.is considered imperative for individual and organizational success in Western cultures.cannot coexist with cooperation in a work group.exists because the group is not cohesive.78. A salesperson who receives sales commissions every month is being reinforced using aDeselect Answerfixed interval schedule.variable interval schedule.variable ratio schedule.fixed ratio schedule.79. Meta-analyses have indicated that job satisfaction and absenteeism have aDeselect Answerlow negative correlation.low positive correlation.correlation equal to zero.high negative correlation.80. When Sam, a manufacturing manager, realized that an important shipment might be late, he asked the assistant manager for her ideas and input. Sam decided alone what changes to make to the shipping schedule. According to the decision-making model, Sam used the __________ decision-making style.Deselect Answerautocratic Iconsultative IIconsultative Iautocratic II81. Research on work–family conflict indicates thatDeselect Answervery few people experience work–family conflict.traditional family structures are needed to reduce work–family conflict.workers’ experience of work–family conflict has actually decreased over the past years.work–family conflict is stressful for workers around the world.82. In the job characteristics model, the motivating potential score is calculated byDeselect Answeraveraging the five core job characteristics.converting the five core job characteristics to percentiles.none of the aboveadding the five core job characteristics.83. Studies have indicated that on-site child care programsDeselect Answerincrease job satisfaction, but have mild effects on worker absenteeism.do not affect job satisfaction or worker absenteeism.greatly reduce worker absenteeism and increase job satisfaction.greatly reduce worker absenteeism, but have little effect on job satisfaction.84. According to equity theory, a comparison other can beDeselect Answera coworker.someone with a similar job.the worker’s own experience.all of the above85. Research has indicated that work overload is related toDeselect Answerall of the aboveelevated serum cholesterol.job dissatisfaction.lower-quality work.86. According to Herzberg, if an employee receives a fair wage, he or she is likely toDeselect Answernot feel satisfied.feel dissatisfied.feel satisfied.not feel dissatisfied.87. The process whereby group members learn about and take on various defined patterns of behavior is calledDeselect Answerrole differentiation.role expectation.organizational socialization.behavior differentiation.88. Worker stress resulting from a lack of control may be reduced byDeselect Answerallowing workers to delegate responsibilities to coworkers.allowing workers to participate in decision making.giving workers more money.giving workers extended vacations89. One limitation to reinforcement theory is thatDeselect Answerit is simply a theoretical approach with no basis in research.it emphasizes extrinsic rewards to the exclusion of intrinsic motivation.it emphasizes intrinsic rewards to the exclusion of extrinsic rewards.it has no application in the workplace.90. Wanda and Bob both wanted to make their department’s presentation at the next stockholders meeting. Bob gave in to Wanda’s wishes because he wanted to maintain a good relationship with Wanda. Bob used which of the following conflict resolution strategies?Deselect AnswerAvoidanceAccommodationCompromiseCollaboration19 out of 18
